Human genome editing has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing genetic diseases like sickle cell disease, yet it has brought forth a multitude of ethical quandaries. The aim of this scoping review was to delve into the ethical dimensions of therapeutic human genome editing, examining viewpoints from philosophy, theology, public perspectives, and research ethics. By scrutinizing 27 articles culled from PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science, various ethical stances were uncovered. From a philosophical and theological stance, therapeutic human genome editing was largely deemed ethically acceptable. Public perspectives worldwide generally concurred with the notion, with some dissent in the Oceanic region due to concerns about future generations. Moreover, ethical considerations in human research highlighted the necessity of informed consent for women and preserving child autonomy.
The evolution of genetic engineering, dating back to Paul Berg’s initial work in the 1970s, has been instrumental in enabling modifications in various organisms, including humans. Advances in gene-editing techniques such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) paved the way for the groundbreaking CRISPR-Cas9 system, offering higher efficiency and selectivity in human genome editing. CRISPR’s versatility allows for targeted alterations in DNA, presenting numerous potential applications in treating genetic and oncogenic diseases, as well as exploring epigenetic regulation.
The ethical discourse surrounding human genome editing encompasses a broad spectrum of perspectives, ranging from philosophical debates on human nature and dignity to theological considerations of playing God. Cultural and public viewpoints exhibit a diversity of opinions shaped by factors like nationality, religion, and the nature of the genetic disorders being addressed. Research ethics underscore the importance of upholding principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the realm of genomic engineering, emphasizing the need for robust regulation and informed consent practices.
In examining the global landscape of attitudes towards therapeutic human genome editing, distinct patterns emerge across different regions. While regions like the United States and Europe generally exhibit a favorable outlook towards therapeutic applications of gene editing, concerns about future generations, autonomy, and societal implications persist. The case of gene-edited twins in China highlighted the nuanced ethical dilemmas surrounding heritable genome editing, sparking debates on safety, diversity, and the limits of scientific intervention. The need for ongoing dialogue between scientific, ethical, and religious communities to navigate the ethical intricacies of human genome editing remains paramount.
Key Takeaways:
– Therapeutic human genome editing is met with a blend of acceptance and caution across diverse ethical perspectives.
– Ethical considerations span philosophical debates on human nature, theological discussions on playing God, and cultural nuances influencing public viewpoints.
– Research ethics emphasize the importance of informed consent, autonomy, and regulatory oversight in the realm of genomic engineering.
– Global attitudes towards human genome editing vary, reflecting a complex interplay of ethical, cultural, and societal factors that shape perceptions and practices.
Tags: cell therapy, genome editing, yeast
Read more on pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov